Variables and Mutability

rust">fn main() {
    let mut x = 5;
    println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
    x = 6;
    println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
}

rust">fn main() {
    let x = 5;
    let x = x + 1;
    let x = x * 2;
    println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
}

• constant: const MAX_POINTS: u32 = 100_000;

Shadowing

The other difference between mut and shadowing is that because we’re effectively creating a new variable when we use the let keyword again, we can change the type of the value but reuse the same name.

Data Types

Keep in mind that Rust is a statically typed language, which means that it must know the types of all variables at compile time.

Scalar Types

• Integer Types

  • Signed numbers are stored using two’s complement representation.
  • Each signed variant can store numbers from $-(2^{n-1})$ to $2^{n-1}-1$ inclusive, where n is the number of bits that variant uses. So an i8 can store numbers from $-(2^7)$ to $2^7-1$, which equals -128 to 127. Unsigned variants can store numbers from 0 to $2^n-1$, so a u8 can store numbers from 0 to $2^8-1$, which equals 0 to 255.
  • The isize and usize types depend on the kind of computer your program is running on: 64 bits if you’re on a 64-bit architecture and 32 bits if you’re on a 32-bit architecture.
  • All number literals except the byte literal allow a type suffix, such as 57u8, and _ as a visual separator, such as 1_000.
  • Integer Overflow

• Floating-Point Types

  rust">fn main() {
      let x = 2.0; // f64
      let y: f32 = 3.0; // f32
  }
  

• The Boolean Type

• The Character Type

  • Rust’s char type is four bytes in size and represents a Unicode Scalar Value, which means it can represent a lot more than just ASCII.

Compound Types

• The Tuple Type

  • Tuples have a fixed length: once declared, they cannot grow or shrink in size.

    rust">fn main() {
        let tup: (i32, f64, u8) = (500, 6.4, 1);
    }
    

  • destructure by pattern matching:

    rust">fn main() {
        let tup = (500, 6.4, 1);
        let (x, y, z) = tup;
        println!("The value of y is: {}", y);
    }
    

  • period(.):

    rust">fn main() {
        let x: (i32, f64, u8) = (500, 6.4, 1);
        let five_hundred = x.0;
        let six_point_four = x.1;
        let one = x.2;
    }
    

• The Array Type (fixed length)

  rust">fn main() {
      let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
  }
  

  rust">let a: [i32; 5] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
  

  rust">let a = [3; 5];
  

  rust">let a = [3, 3, 3, 3, 3];
  

  • An array is a single chunk of memory allocated on the stack.
  • Invalid Array Element Access

Functions

You’ve also seen the fn keyword, which allows you to declare new functions.
Rust code uses snake case as the conventional style for function and variable names.

rust">fn main() {
    println!("Hello, world!");

    another_function();
}

fn another_function() {
    println!("Another function.");
}

Rust doesn’t care where you define your functions, only that they’re defined somewhere.

Function Parameters

• 形参 parameter
• 实参 argument

rust">fn main() {
    another_function(5, 6);
}

fn another_function(x: i32, y: i32) {
    println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
    println!("The value of y is: {}", y);
}

• Statements are instructions that perform some action and do not return a value.
• Expressions evaluate to a resulting value.
• Statements do not return values. Therefore, you can’t assign a let statement to another variable.

rust">fn main() {
    let x = 5;

    let y = {
        let x = 3;
        x + 1
    };

    println!("The value of y is: {}", y);
}

This expression:

rust">{
    let x = 3;
    x + 1
}

is a block that, in this case, evaluates to 4. That value gets bound to y as part of the let statement. Note the x + 1 line without a semicolon at the end, which is unlike most of the lines you’ve seen so far. Expressions do not include ending semicolons. If you add a semicolon to the end of an expression, you turn it into a statement, which will then not return a value.

In Rust, the return value of the function is synonymous with the value of the final expression in the block of the body of a function. You can return early from a function by using the return keyword and specifying a value, but most functions return the last expression implicitly.

rust">fn five() -> i32 {
    5
}

fn main() {
    let x = five();

    println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
}

rust">fn main() {
    let x = plus_one(5);

    println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
}

fn plus_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
    x + 1
}

Comments

Control Flow

rust">fn main() {
    let number = 3;

    if number < 5 {
        println!("condition was true");
    } else {
        println!("condition was false");
    }
}

It’s also worth noting that the condition in this code must be a bool.
Rust will not automatically try to convert non-Boolean types to a Boolean. You must be explicit and always provide if with a Boolean as its condition.

rust">fn main() {
    let condition = true;
    let number = if condition { 5 } else { 6 };

    println!("The value of number is: {}", number);
}

In this case, the value of the whole if expression depends on which block of code executes. This means the values that have the potential to be results from each arm of the if must be the same type.

Repetition with Loops

• loop
  The loop keyword tells Rust to execute a block of code over and over again forever or until you explicitly tell it to stop.

  rust">fn main() {
      let mut counter = 0;
  
      let result = loop {
          counter += 1;
  
          if counter == 10 {
              break counter * 2;
          }
      };
  
      println!("The result is {}", result);
  }
  

• while

  rust">	fn main() {
  	    let mut number = 3;
  	
  	    while number != 0 {
  	        println!("{}!", number);
  	
  	        number -= 1;
  	    }
  	
  	    println!("LIFTOFF!!!");
  	}
  

• for

  rust">fn main() {
      let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
  
      for element in a.iter() {
          println!("the value is: {}", element);
      }
  }
  

  rust">fn main() {
      for number in (1..4).rev() {
          println!("{}!", number);
      }
      println!("LIFTOFF!!!");
  }